Question 1
| Inhibiting factors are always internal to the person.Question 1 options: True FalseQuestion 2 (Mandatory) (0.1 points) PRECEDE-PROCEED is a theory.Question 2 options: True FalseQuestion 3 (Mandatory) (0.1 points) SavedPeople make decisions about health based not only on their values related to health, but also based on their values related to relationships, family ties, and cultural practices.Question 3 options: True FalseQuestion 4 (Mandatory) (0.1 points) SavedThe Health Belief Model is a theory.Question 4 options: True FalseQuestion 5 (Mandatory) (0.1 points) The Health Belief Model does not take into consideration modifying factors such as age, race, SES, and knowledge pertaining to the disease in question.Question 5 options: True FalseQuestion 6 (Mandatory) (0.1 points) SavedOne’s perceptions are not important in the mental math equation. The costs and benefits of behavior change are typically clear-cut and do not vary from person to person.Question 6 options: True FalseQuestion 7 (Mandatory) (0.1 points) People never relapse or backslide when a health prevention strategy is based upon the Transtheoretical Model of Change.Question 7 options: True FalseQuestion 8 (Mandatory) (0.1 points) According to the Social Cognitive Theory, knowledge is just a “gateway” that must be passed before more complex personal and social issues come into play.Question 8 options: True FalseQuestion 9 (Mandatory) (0.1 points) Content knowledge is the more advanced type of knowledge that involves how to do a specific health behavior.Question 9 options: True FalseQuestion 10 (Mandatory) (0.1 points) SavedMessage tailoring is different from message targeting in that tailoring operates at the group level whereas message targeting operates at the individual level.Question 10 options: True FalseQuestion 11 (Mandatory) (0.2 points) Which of the following is NOT true about tailored messaging?Question 11 options: a. Individualized tailoring of messages has become common within the field of health communication. b. Tailoring is much more cost-effective and easier to implement than targeting. c. Web-based programs are often used to assess individuals and provide instant tailored feedback. d. None of the above.Question 12 (Mandatory) (0.2 points) Enactive Attainment is best described as: Question 12 options: a. Physically guiding or coaching someone through a health-protective behavior b. Convincing people that they can indeed perform a given health-protective behavior c. Learning by watching other perform a given health-protective behavior d. Learning to de-escalate fear and other negative emotions associated with performing a given health-protective behavior Question 13 (Mandatory) (0.2 points) What is the collective self-efficacy?Question 13 options: a. The individual’s perceived ability to shape his or her environment b. Private enterprises’ perceived ability to shape its environment c. The community’s perceived ability to shape their environment. d. The government’s perceived ability to shape the environmentQuestion 14 (Mandatory) (0.2 points) Which is the single most important aspect of Social Cognitive Theory as applied to health promotion?Question 14 options: a. Knowledge b. Reciprocal triadic causation c. Personal agency d. None of the aboveQuestion 15 (Mandatory) (0.2 points) Joe knows that smoking is harmful to his health. He has been thinking about quitting, and even tried quitting for a day to see how things went. What stage of the TMC is Joe in?Question 15 options: a. Pre-contemplation b. Preparation c. Action d. MaintenanceQuestion 16 (Mandatory) (0.2 points) Which of the following processes of change are matched to the Preparation to Action stage?Question 16 options: a. Consciousness Raising b. Stimulus Control c. Helping Relationships d. Management e. A & B (Conscious Raising and Stimulus Control) f. B & C (Stimulus Control and Helping Relationships) g. A & D (Consciousness Raising and Management)Question 17 (Mandatory) (0.2 points) The main objective of the stage paradigm, and its primary difference from the value-expectancy theories is _______1_________. This is thought to be effective because ______2_______.Question 17 options: a. 1 = that there are three stages that most always end in the alteration of health-risk behavior depending on the population’s readiness to change their behavior. 2 = asking individuals to move one step at a time is more acceptable in the long run than encouraging action before readiness. b. 1 = that there are three stages that most always end in the alteration of health-risk behavior depending on the population’s readiness to change their behavior. 2 = the intervention is tailored for each individual to progress to the last behavior-changing stage regardless of the barriers in place. c. 1 = that there are a series of sequential stages, which end in the elimination of health-risk behavior or the long-term adoption of health-protective behavior. 2 = the intervention is tailored for each individual to progress to the last behavior-changing stage regardless of the barriers in place. d. 1 = that there are a series of sequential stages, which end in the elimination of health-risk behavior or the long-term adoption of health-protective behavior. 2 = asking individuals to move one step at a time is more acceptable in the long run than encouraging action before readiness. Question 18 (Mandatory) (0.2 points) Value-expectancy models represent a class of theories that assume people will change a behavior if they anticipate the personal benefits derived from the outcome will outweigh any costs incurred through enacting the behavior. Choose the theory that is not an example of value-expectancy theories.Question 18 options: a. Health belief model b. Theory of reasoned action c. Theory of planned behavior d. Social Cognitive TheoryQuestion 19 (Mandatory) (0.2 points) Which of the following statements are true?Question 19 options: a. As perceived threat and expected net gain increase, likelihood of action increases b. As perceived threat and expected net gain increase, likelihood of action decreases c. As perceived threat increases and expected net gain decreases, likelihood of action increases d. As perceived threat decreases and expected net gain increases, likelihood of action increasesQuestion 20 (Mandatory) (0.2 points) SavedAccording to the social norms construct, one would be least likely to smoke if:Question 20 options: a. There was a 15% hike in the price of cigarettes b. The smoker’s parents, spouse, and best friend wanted and encouraged them to quit c. The place the smoker usually bought cigarettes from closed down and the next closest store being several miles away d. The smoker saw a commercial discussing the dangers of smokingQuestion 21 (Mandatory) (0.2 points) The main difference between the theory of planned behavior and the theory of reasoned action is that:Question 21 options: a. The theory of planned behavior involves perceived behavioral control b. The theory of reasoned action involves perceived behavioral control c. The theory of reasoned action is an extension of the theory of planned behavior d. The theory of reasoned action is centered around facilitating and inhibiting factorsQuestion 22 (Mandatory) (0.2 points) When a female student in high school considers becoming pregnant before graduating she takes into account the impressions and opinions of her peers, parents and other family and significant people. Her behavior change teeters on the _____1_______ and her _______2_______. Question 22 options: a. 1 = subjective norm toward the behavior, 2 = financial status b. 1 = students’ desirability, 2 = affection for babies c. 1 = subjective norm towards the behavior, 2 = motivation to comply d. 1 = theory of reasoned action, 2 = financial statusQuestion 23 (Mandatory) (0.2 points) When is it appropriate to use direct quotes in professional public health writing? Question 23 options: a. When citing a definition. b. When citing data from a report or webpage. c. When it is important to maintain the author’s original language. d. Every time you cite a reference. e. A & C f. B & DQuestion 24 (Mandatory) (0.2 points) How should you format the journal title for a reference in AMA style? Question 24 options: a. Abbreviated b. Bolded c. Italicized d. Underlined e. A & C f. B & DQuestion 25 (Mandatory) (0.2 points) Based on the title, which article(s) is/are most likely to include an evaluation of an individual intervention?Question 25 options: a. Effect of cervical cancer education and provider recommendation for screening on screening rates: A systematic review and meta-analysis. b. Effect of an Educational Intervention Based on Protection Motivation Theory on Preventing Cervical Cancer among Marginalized Women in West Iran. c. Educational Interventions for Cervical Cancer Screening Behavior of Women: A Systematic Review. d. Effects of Group Training Based on the Health Belief Model on Knowledge and Behavior Regarding the Pap Smear Test in Iranian Women: a Quasi-Experimental Study. e. All of the above f. B & D g. A & CQuestion 26 (Mandatory) (0.2 points) Based on the title, which article(s) is/are most likely to include an evaluation of an individual intervention?Question 26 options: a. Effectiveness of Parent-Focused Interventions to Increase Teen Driver Safety: A Critical Review. b. Laboratory analysis of risky driving at 0.05% and 0.08% blood alcohol concentration. c. Advanced driver assistance systems for teen drivers: Teen and parent impressions, perceived need, and intervention preferences. d. Interventions to prevent adolescent motor vehicle crashes: a literature review e. None of the above f. B & D g. A & CQuestion 27 (0.1 points) Read the abstract below and answer the questions that follow: Taubman-Ben-Ari O, Musicant O, Lotan T, Farah H. The contribution of parents’ driving behavior, family climate for road safety, and parent-targeted intervention to young male driving behavior. Accid Anal Prev. 2014;72:296-301. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2014.07.010.One of the prominent issues in contemporary research on young drivers deals with the mechanisms underlying parents’ influences on their offspring’s driving behavior. The present study combines two sets of data: the first gathered from in-vehicle data recorders tracking the driving of parents and their teenage sons, and the second derived from self-report questionnaires completed by the young drivers. The aim was to evaluate the contribution of parents’ driving behavior, participation in a parent-targeted intervention, and the teen drivers’ perception of the family climate for road safety, to the driving behavior of young drivers during solo driving. The data was collected over the course of 12 months, beginning with the licensure of the teen driver, and examined a sample of 166 families who were randomly assigned to one of three intervention groups (receiving different forms of feedback) or a control group (with no feedback). Findings indicate that young male drivers’ risky driving events rate was positively associated with that of their parents. In addition, any type of intervention led to a lower rate of risky driving events among young drivers compared to the control group. Finally, a higher perception of parents as not committed to safety and lower perceived parental monitoring were related to a higher risky driving events rate among young drivers. The results highlight the need to consider a complex set of antecedents in parents’ attitudes and behavior, as well as the family’s safety atmosphere, in order to better understand young drivers’ risky driving. The practical implications refer to the effective use of the family as a lever in the attempt to promote safety awareness among young drivers. Q: Is the reference in AMA format?Question 27 options: Yes NoQuestion 28 (Mandatory) (0.2 points) Refer to the Taubman-Ben-Ari et al. abstract:What type of article is this?Question 28 options: a. Intervention study b. Systematic review c. Epidemiological study d. CommentaryQuestion 29 (Mandatory) (0.2 points) Refer to the Taubman-Ben-Ari et al. abstract:What was the purpose of this article? Question 29 options: a. To identify risk factors associated with driving b. To report on the effectiveness of a driving questionnaire c. To review the effectiveness of in-vehicle data recorders d. To evaluate the effectiveness of a driving feedback intervention on risky driving events e. All of the aboveQuestion 30 (Mandatory) (0.2 points) Refer to the Taubman-Ben-Ari et al. abstract:Which construct is most relevant to this article?Question 30 options: a. Perceived Threat b. Subjective Norms c. Precontemplation d. Goal FormationQuestion 31 (Mandatory) (0.2 points) Refer to the Taubman-Ben-Ari et al. abstract:Which theory is most relevant to the constructs addressed in this article?Question 31 options: a. Social Cognitive Theory b. Health Belief Model c. Theory of Planned Behavior d. Transtheoretical ModelQuestion 32 (0.1 points) Read the abstract below and answer the questions that follow: Musa J., Achenbach C.J., O’Dwyer L.C., Evans C.T., McHugh M., Hou L., Simon M.A., Murphy R.L., & Jordan N. Effect of cervical cancer education and provider recommendation for screening on screening rates: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0183924. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183924.BACKGROUND: Although cervical cancer is largely preventable through screening, detection and treatment of precancerous abnormalities, it remains one of the top causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality globally.OBJECTIVES: The objective of this systematic review is to understand the evidence of the effect of cervical cancer education compared to control conditions on cervical cancer screening rates in eligible women population at risk of cervical cancer. We also sought to understand the effect of provider recommendations for screening to eligible women on cervical cancer screening (CCS) rates compared to control conditions in eligible women population at risk of cervical cancer.METHODS: We used the PICO (Problem or Population, Interventions, Comparison and Outcome) framework as described in the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook to develop our search strategy. The details of our search strategy has been described in our systematic review protocol published in the International Prospective Register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO). The protocol registration number is CRD42016045605 available at: http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.asp?src=trip&ID=CRD42016045605. The search string was used in Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Systematic Reviews and Cochrane CENTRAL register of controlled trials to retrieve study reports that were screened for inclusion in this review. Our data synthesis and reporting was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA). We did a qualitative synthesis of evidence and, where appropriate, individual study effects were pooled in meta-analyses using RevMan 5.3 Review Manager. The Higgins I2 was used to assess for heterogeneity in studies pooled together for overall summary effects. We did assessment of risk of bias of individual studies included and assessed risk of publication bias across studies pooled together in meta-analysis by Funnel plot.RESULTS: Out of 3072 study reports screened, 28 articles were found to be eligible for inclusion in qualitative synthesis (5 of which were included in meta-analysis of educational interventions and 8 combined in meta-analysis of HPV self-sampling interventions), while 45 were excluded for various reasons. The use of theory-based educational interventions significantly increased CCS rates by more than double (OR, 2.46, 95% CI: 1.88, 3.21). Additionally, offering women the option of self-sampling for Human Papillomavirus (HPV) testing increased CCS rates by nearly 2-fold (OR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.32, 2.22). We also found that invitation letters alone (or with a follow up phone contact), making an appointment, and sending reminders to patients who are due or overdue for screening had a significant effect on improving participation and CCS rates in populations at risk.CONCLUSION: Our findings supports the implementation of theory-based cervical cancer educational interventions to increase women’s participation in cervical cancer screening programs, particularly when targeting communities with low literacy levels. Additionally, cervical cancer screening programs should consider the option of offering women the opportunity for self-sample collection particularly when such women have not responded to previous screening invitation or reminder letters for Pap smear collection as a method of screening.Q: Is the reference in AMA format?Question 32 options: Yes NoQuestion 33 (Mandatory) (0.2 points) Refer to the Musa et al. abstract:What type of article is this?Question 33 options: a. Intervention study b. Systematic review c. Epidemiological study d. CommentaryQuestion 34 (Mandatory) (0.2 points) Refer to the Musa et al. abstract:What was the purpose of this article?Question 34 options: a. To review a portion of the literature related to cervical cancer b. To complete a meta-analysis c. To understand the effect of provider recommendations for screening d. To understand the effect of cervical cancer education programs e. All of the aboveQuestion 35 (0.1 points) Read the abstract below and answer the questions that follow:Kizer KW, Trent RB. Safety belts and public health. The role of medical practitioners. West J Med. 1991;154(3):303-6. Accessed January 31, 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1002750. Medical practitioners have helped the public become aware of the importance of health-promoting lifestyle changes such as getting more exercise and abstaining from smoking. They can likewise help their patients protect themselves from the threat of automobile crash injury. Safety belt use remains too low, and increased use offers unusual potential for averting death and disability. Various characteristics associated with a failure to use safety belts can be used to help identify patients at high risk of traffic injury. These include male sex, persons who are ethnic minorities, young people, poor people, those with low educational levels, and persons with negative attitudes to seat belt use. Various methods and resources are available to help practitioners provide appropriate safety belt advice to patients, although the specific resources available vary from place to place. At a minimum, patients need to be told that proper use of occupant protection can at least double the chances of avoiding death or severe injury in an automobile crash.Q: Is the reference in AMA format?Question 35 options: Yes NoQuestion 36 (Mandatory) (0.2 points) Refer to the Kizer and Trent abstract:What type of article is this?Question 36 options: a. Intervention study b. Systematic review c. Epidemiological study d. CommentaryQuestion 37 (Mandatory) (0.2 points) Refer to the Kizer and Trent abstract:What was the purpose of this article?Question 37 options: a. To evaluate an educational intervention for medical practitioners b. To evaluate an educational intervention led by medical practitioners c. To encourage medical practitioners to advise patients regarding seat belt use d. To understand the effect of seat belt use among low-income populations. e. All of the aboveQuestion 38 (0.1 points) Is the following the correct format to reference a journal article with a DOI in AMA style?Author. Title of article. Abbreviated Journal Title. Year;vol(issue):pages. doi: xx.xxQuestion 38 options: Yes NoQuestion 39 (Mandatory) (0.2 points) Read the abstract below and answer the questions that follow:Murta SG, et al. Dating SOS: a systematic and theory-based development of a web-based tailored intervention to prevent dating violence among Brazilian youth. Biomed Central Public Health. 2020 Mar 26;20:391. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-08487-x.BACKGROUND: Dating violence has an alarming prevalence among Brazilian adolescents. School-based preventive programs have been implemented, but remain isolated initiatives with low reach. Health communication strategies based on innovative technologies with a high potential of diffusion are urgent. This study aimed to develop a computer-tailored intervention to prevent victimization and perpetration of dating violence among Brazilian youth.METHODS: The intervention, called Dating SOS (SOS Namoro), is a comprehensive preventive program targeted to young people with a current partner. Dating SOS is composed of four online sessions. The first session gives a tailored orientation on attachment style and risk perception of violence. The second session addresses knowledge on conflict management, positive and negative social models of intimate relationships and an action plan to improve everyday interactions. The third session covers social norms, self-efficacy and an action plan to cope with conflicts. The fourth session discusses attitudes, social support and an action plan to protect from violence. Improvements on the interface and tailoring refinement was done after pre-testing to improve attractiveness and decrease risk of iatrogenic effects.DISCUSSION: The principal merit of the present study resides in the development of an innovative strategy based on the qualified use of the internet for education surrounding romantic relationships and the prevention of dating violence among adolescent and young Brazilians, a hitherto unaddressed need in the field. The intervention usability and efficacy should be investigated in further studies.TRIAL REGISTRATION: Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials. RBR-9frj8q. Prospectively registered on July 25, 2019.http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-9frj8q/.What type of article is this?Question 39 options: Case series Intervention study protocol Systematic review Epidemiological studyQuestion 40 (Mandatory) (0.2 points) Refer to the Murta et al. abstract:What is the purpose of this article?Question 40 options: To describe the prevalence of dating violence in Brazil To explore the association of internet use and dating violence To describe an online intervention to address dating violence To evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention to address dating violence All of the aboveQuestion 41 (Mandatory) (0.2 points) Refer to the Murta et al. abstract:Based on the abstract, which construct(s) appear to be most relevant to this article?Question 41 options: Subjective norm Goal Formation Perceived Susceptibility Self-efficacy All of the aboveQuestion 42 (Mandatory) (0.2 points) The following describes which theory below? It distinguishes between three types of beliefs – behavioral, normative, and control. It is comprised of six constructs that collectively represent a person’s actual control over the behavior.Question 42 options: Health Belief Model Theory of Reasoned Action Theory of Planned Behavior Social Cognitive Theory |
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