Application of Behaviour Change Theories and Taxonomies to Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Youth

Below is a student’s discussion that is based on the modifiable determinants on cardiovascular disease prevention. The discussion also includes performance objectives, change objectives and theoretical behavioural constructs relevant to the cardiovascular issue.

Read the articles by Kok et al. article and taxonomies provided below and answer these questions.

1. Discuss how the Kok et. al. article and taxonomies can be used to identify the methods that you will recommend for the student’s intervention. 
2. Propose which methods you think will be most relevant to the theory-based intervention proposed by the student.

Kok et al. article: 

Taxonomies: 

Value Expectancy Theory for Cardiovascular Disease

Exercise Performance Objective Goals	Intrinsic Value	Expectancy	Attainment Value	Utility Value
Walk 2000 steps per day	Change Objective: To benefit from regular physical activity, children and adolescents need to invest effort2. Enhance intrinsic value by incorporating enjoyable elements into daily walking routines, such as listening to personalized music playlists or engaging in nature walks.	Change Objective: Research indicates that students who arewilling to put forth great effort or work hard tend to perform well, achieve success, andbenefit most from participating in physical activity/physical education2.Increase expectancy through personalized goal-setting, breaking down the 2000 steps into manageable increments, and fostering confidence in achieving daily targets.	Change Objective: Increasing physical activity is a significant opportunity to prevent atherosclerotic CVD and promote a healthy lifestyle3.Reinforce attainment value by educating individuals on the immediate health benefits of walking, such as improved mood and increased energy levels, creating a sense of accomplishment.	Change Objective: Cardiovascular fitness is considered an important predictor of physical andmental health in children and adolescents2.Improve utility value by highlighting the practicality of walking 2000 steps daily in preventing cardiovascular diseases, aligning the activity with long-term health and well-being goals.
Indoor cycling 20 minutes on weekends	Change Objective: Gamification is the use of game design elements such as points and levels in a nongame context that has been combined with wearables to increase physicalactivity3. Elevate intrinsic value by introducing enjoyable elements into indoor cycling sessions, such as incorporating music playlists or virtual cycling environments, enhancing the overall experience.	Change Objective: The specific elements of this intervention can be as simple as formulating an objective that provides the “who” and “what” of program activities1. Boost expectancy through personalized goal-setting, breaking down the 20-minute session into manageable intervals, and fostering confidence in completing weekend cycling routines.4	Change Objective: Interventions that use behavior change theories along with monitoring devices could be effective3.Reinforce attainment value by highlighting the immediate benefits of weekend indoor cycling, such as enhanced mood and stress reduction, fostering a sense of accomplishment and well-being.	Change Objective: To measure and achieve such principles, the objectives should be attainable within a given time frame and withavailable program resources1.Improve utility value by emphasizing the practical advantages of indoor cycling for 20 minutes on weekends, showcasing its role in cardiovascular health enhancement and long-term well-being goals.4

References

1. Writing SMART Objectives. CDC. Published August 2018. Accessed February 25, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/evaluation/pdf/brief3b.pdf.
2. Liu J, Xiang P. Expectancy-Value Motivation and Physical Activity- and Health-Related Outcomes among At-Risk Children and Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023;20(13):6273. doi:10.3390/ijerph20136273
3. Mizuno A, Changolkar S, Patel MS. Wearable devices to monitor and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease: Evidence and opportunities. Annual Review of Medicine. 2021;72(1):459-471. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-050919-031534
4. Andersen LB, Wedderkopp N, Kristensen P, et al. Cycling to School and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 2011;(8):1025-1033. Accessed February 24, 2024. https://eds-p-ebscohost-com.une.idm.oclc.org/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=e743cd44-5489-4a86-9f11-e2cf46de8107%40redis